Raphael, Madonna del cardellino (1507)

As objects, works of the visual arts not only must survive, they also need to be seen, touched, entered into, and, in every respect, experienced in their physical dimension. The instant we gaze on a painting, examine a sculpture, or enter an architectural space, the issue of conservation arises, posing a multitude of questions, whether we are aware of them or not. How much of what is before us is original? To what degree of later manipulation has the object been subjected? Has there been deterioration in the constituent materials, and, if s ...