Is a person’s character ever simple? Personality is such a tangle of physical and spiritual phenomena mysterious in themselves; this is as true of the postman as it is of the heroes we meet in history books. Yet historians often go about their business as if a president or general were a jigsaw puzzle with his pieces scattered about, awaiting the right researcher’s hand to assemble the “complete picture”; or a lockbox that must yield to the right conceptual key; or a monumental statue that has only to be cracked open to reveal the true figure within.

Robert Edward Lee (1807–1870) falls into this third category, an icon whose impression during the Civil War and Reconstruction was so grand, so monolithic, that during the last seven years of his life he became the emblem of the Confederate cause. The South needed an emblem and did not wait for Lee’s death to do him the honor. His noble suffering after Appomattox made him a Christian martyr in his own time, and after his demise a team of hagiographers kept the flame, culminating in Douglas Southall Freeman’s Pulitzer Prize-winning Robert E. Lee(1934). Freeman concluded that there was “no inconsistency to be explained, no enigma to be solved” concerning Lee. In 1959, Robert Penn Warren commented: “Who cares about Robert E. Lee? Now there’s a man who’s smooth as an egg. Turn him around, this primordial perfection; you see, he has no story. You can’t just say what a wonderful