One of the excitements of growing older in the contemporary West is the recognition that the moral basis of life has flipped. It happens in every generation. Consider the position of Lord Melbourne in 1837, kissing hands as prime minister with that delightful but formidable girl who had just been crowned Queen Victoria. This Regency rake, a real swinger in his time, suddenly had to recognize that he had blundered by longevity into a very serious and engaged moral environment. It was to be called “Victorian.” He adapted very well, especially to the Queen, but he knew he was in a different world.

Think again of those same Victorians at the end of the nineteenth century, when Oscar Wilde and the Café Royal set were just beginning to attach a sneer to the very idea of respectability, an attachment that became increasingly explicit as the twentieth century wore on. Respectability is, no doubt, an ambiguous expression. It means being respected, being worthy of respect, and also (pejoratively) conforming one’s life to external standards so as to sustain reputation with others. The sneer comprehended all three meanings and undermined the importance of the whole idea of reputation, which had hitherto kept many people on the straight and narrow.

Again, from the 1960s to the present day, our own time has witnessed moral somersaults no less dramatic than before. Censorship hardly survives, art has been politicized, and a whole range of previously criminal sexual activities has been not